Madhya Loka

Ring after ring of land and sea alternate outward from the centre, each ring twice the width of the one before. Jambūdvīpa is the disc at the middle; every ocean and continent beyond it is an annulus, like a bangle.

The rings are innumerable, ending at Svayambhūramaṇa, the last continent and the last ocean. Only the innermost few concern human beings, because only there do humans live — but the doubling means the far ones are where nearly all the space is.

That human portion is Aḍhāī-dvīpa, sealed at its rim by the ring-mountain Mānuṣottara. Animals, plants and elemental beings are found far beyond it. People are not.

Sixteen rings out from the centre is Nandīśvara, and it is the eighth continent. By then a single ring is 16,384 times the width of Jambūdvīpa — which is why this map has to compress before it can be read, and why the scale control is worth dragging.

The disc is thin. It extends 900 yojana above the flat earth-surface and 900 below, and that 1,800-yojana sandwich is the whole of it.